War On Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

War On Drugs - Essay Example Its initiation was aimed at taking a firm stand on drugs because of the effect that drug abuse has had on society. The problem comes about when prisons become overcrowded as facilities, and supervisory staff is not enough. This, in turn, leads the government to injecting more resources to correctional organizations at the expense of other pressing issues such as healthcare and education programs. Conversely, such organizations may be ignored causing prison facilities to be strained and prison staff over-worked without earning any extra income; this is usually the more common scenario (Yahoo! Inc, 2007). Pinpointing the Source In order to rectify this problem, which essentially is an inflated budget, it is vital to pinpoint the source of the overall problem of drug abuse in the society. Questions such as which are the most common illicit drugs, where do the drugs come from, who distributes them, what are the loopholes that enable this distribution persist, how else can persons be dete rred to participate in drug trade. This breakdown allows specific solutions to be arrived at; without having to call for harsh punishment directly, which translates to serving longer terms in prison. The government should consider the fact that rehabilitation through imprisonment is not a solution for drug traffickers; because what instead happens is that they interact with much worse criminals and get further inclined to a criminal lifestyle. Moreover, having a criminal record prevents them from getting legitimate jobs thereby, leading them back to drug trade (Yahoo! Inc, 2007).In some states, the war on drugs has kept use of government resources at bay by seizing assets from drug traffickers. ... Inc, 2007). In some states, the war on drugs has kept use of government resources at bay by seizing assets from drug traffickers. This has been viewed as a self-financing method but in reality resources gained from asset forfeiture end up being transferred to other departments with scarce resources. In addition, police agencies have been noted to seize assets from innocent persons with the aim of acquiring resources for financing their departments. The resources amassed from asset seizures end up diverting focus from actual crime fighting. There needs to be a shift in thinking whereby drug prohibition has proven not to be effective in alleviating drug trade. Over time, the argument for drug prohibition has been that there is a relationship between drug trafficking and other violent crimes such as car theft and robbery. Therefore, if drugs are prohibited, the law is better enforced as such crimes are prevented (Benson, 2009). However, this has been proven ineffective as prisons have b ecome overcrowded and most states have had to call for release of petty offenders. This has proven quite risky, as individuals who are viewed as petty offenders may have considered graduating to higher crimes because of interacting with serious offenders. Either way, the petty offenders arrested for drug trade are released back into society without any assurance that they have been rehabilitated. The issue then becomes identifying a way of effectively rehabilitating drug traffickers where incarceration is not an option. Another issue is the stringent laws on parolees as most of them will inevitably violate them and end up stuck in the vicious recycle of the prison system (Romaine, 2011).

Medical Malpractice in India and in General

Medical Malpractice in India and in General Master of Health Management LWN164 Health Care Law and Ethics Assessment Item No. 3 Abstract: The interrelationship between medical ethics and the law are perhaps nowhere as starkly obvious as in the domain of medical malpractice. Ethical and legal conduct and practices regularly operate harmoniously however in cases of medical malpractice ethical standards and issues encompassing therapeutic risk can clash. Some examples include disclosure of mistakes; quality change practices; non-adherence to professional standards; managing patients who act against therapeutic guidance; and the different assurances of Good Samaritan laws. Malpractice cases may be further complicated when doctors oversee the investigation process. For these reasons, research into medical malpractice in India is timely to understand the causes, prevalence, current processes and may provide solutions for improved practice. The literature review will specifically consider the Legal and Ethical side of Medical malpractice in India and in general, with a critical evaluation of the legal system, approach to ethi cs, the implications of the failure of the medical malpractice system for the health system and case reviews from an Indian perspective. Causes of Malpractice in India Main points will include: Private Hospitals, often with profit as their primary aim, utilize a system of incentives and disincentives to push specialists to over-bill, sometimes unethically. With places in the financed government medical schools limited, aspiring medical students often choose private Medical universities that charge high fees. This tempts doctors to work in private hospitals to recover their costly investment in therapeutic training. Overcharging has further implications for health insurance. Unethical practices are a distress to individual patients and organizations, on account of salaried employees who get health coverage benefits from their managers. Insurance premiums are arranged intermittently and the rates are chosen on the basis of earlier years claims. The more expensive the claims one year, the higher the premium will be the next year. In this way, patients or their employers (if insurance is part of a salary package) need to an indirect way bear the rising cost health insurance premiums. The insurance agencies rarely question claims unless their net installment commitments surpass the net premiums. Insurance providers have devised approaches to confine their general liabilities, for example, capping installments for the treatment of particular sicknesses. If everything fails, Health Insurance Company raises the premium for family cover to compensate for a low return in corporate health coverage. Thus, medical specialists, private hospitals, pharmaceutical, and insurance agencies are profiting at the cost of individual patients and enterprises who give the insurance advantages to their employees in a largely unregulated healthcare market. The Way Forward The Medical Council of India is inefficient in checking malpractice and corruption in the medical field and may be disbanded soon. An arrangement of standardized treatment protocol may help control malpractice, however that may likewise constrain specialists. Plus, standardized treatment protocol may raise the cost of treatment. The preferred hospital network system has improved convenience; however it is insufficient to control corrupt specialists and clinics. Tweaking the system of incentives and disincentives, enhanced access to data and, thus, a more straightforward healthcare services market can end unethical therapeutic practices. Main points will include: Incentives: Increasing the supply of seats in government medical universities and capping fees will decrease investment costs for medical students and thus lessen the incentives to work in private hospitals, which are frequently run not by doctors but rather by MBAs. Lowered debt will lessen the motivating factors for doctors to cheat and overbill. Access to data and transparency: Mandatory video recordings, in addition to archiving and sharing the recording to patients or their representatives, will make specialists responsible. At present, private health facilities should distribute the qualifications and experience of top specialists. That practice should be extended to incorporate each specialists record in treating patients. For example, a gynecologists profile must show the number and type of deliveries supervised. Such data will help patients make informed choices about which specialist to go to for treatment. The accessible, online rating and positioning of doctors in fraud-prone specialties, for example, kidney transplants, gynecology, and cardiology, by third party independent agencies can be useful. Similarly, rating hospitals in light of their basic infrastructure, charges, and a few markers of ethical business practices, such as the number of medical malpractice suits filed can guarantee improved conduct. The capping of fees will prevent well-regarded health care providers from overcharging. Disincentives: Aggrieved patients ought to be encouraged to take their grievances to consumer courts, which are less expensive, speedier, and dont require legal counselors. Corporations, particularly the larger ones with greater insurance premium bills, are encouraged to hire in-house specialists and medical lawyers to explore whether they are profiting by unethical specialists, clinics, or insurance agencies, and take suitable remedial actions. The above measures can check a large portion of, but not all, unethical practices. For genuine infractions, stringent punishments including fines, detainment and permanent disbarment, still might be required. The Importance of Health Law: The Medical Council of India (Indian Medical Council Rules, 1957) has a redress system that can offer disciplinary action against misconducting specialists after appropriate investigative methods. The harassment of specialists who are falsely implicated in negligence has been curtailed by the Supreme Court, which has issued guidelines for the criminal charging of doctors (Rule 4 in Order XVIII of Consumer Protection Act, 1986). The medical profession that was once viewed as respectable is presently considered alongside other professions as liable for paying for damages. The patients who demanded refunds for alleged medical carelessness resorted to the civil courts. Public awareness of medical malpractice in India is developing. Hospital administrations are progressively confronting complaints in regards to the standards of professional competence, facilities, and the suitability of their therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. After the Consumer Protection Act (1986), has taken effect , a few patients have filed legal cases claiming the specialists were negligent in their treatment, and received compensation. Therefore, various legal decisions have been made on what constitutes negligence and what is required to prove it. The review will focus on why laws are failing in India, why the laws are not strict enough to put an end to malpractice and who is responsible, the health industry, management, the public, the government or the physicians themselves? The legal issues will include: The fundamentals of medical malpractice and negligence, identifying malpractice and excluding cases with poor outcomes but no negligence. Changing ideas of informed consent. Practical issues of medical negligence with cases from the Indian Courts. Investigating why individuals make medical negligence cases. Approaches to manage medical accidents. Causes of increase in medical carelessness. Fundamentals of therapeutic liability in India Medical Ethics: The medical profession in India is at intersection, confronting numerous ethical and legal difficulties. The fundamental values of medicine insist that the specialists commitment is to keep the patients interest above everything else. The vital issues of autonomy, justice, confidentiality, non-maleficence, and beneficence are key elements that ought to direct the day to day practice of the specialist. The ethical guidelines of medical practice given by The Indian Medical Council (Professional Conduct, Etiquette, and Ethics) Regulations, (Code of Ethics Regulation, 2002) are aimed at strengthening the ethical measures among enlisted medical experts in India. Points that will give basic insight into solutions to ethical issues in medical practice: Improving relationship between patient and doctor. Ethical training of postgraduates and undergraduates in their therapeutic training. Challenges associated with modern medical practice. Coverage of Doctors and Hospitals under Consumer Protection Act (Rule 4 in Order XVIII of Consumer Protection Act, 1986) Research Methodology: Professional negligence by a health service provider has implication for both the legal and health profession. Avoidable medical injury increases the cost of treatment, while negligence claims have been blamed for further increase in cost of health care in India. This research is to analyze medical malpractice legislation and its consequences on stakeholders, for example, the health care consumer, the medical professionals, and the legal community. A thorough analysis of researches, articles and journals based on liability of hospitals in medical negligence, an analysis of medical negligence and law in India, Breach of patients trust in medical negligence, analysis and interpretation of medical negligence. The research will include arguments supporting the ethics and laws in medical malpractice as well as how laws are misused against the medical professionals by the patients for financial gain. Causes of medical malpractice: Medical malpractice (Sloan Chepke, 2008 p. 302-303) Communication gaffes: a root cause of malpractice claims- (Hutington and Kuhn, 2003 p. 157-161) Solutions to Medical Malpractice: Progress in Medicine: Compensation and medical negligence in India: Does the system need a quick fix or an overhaul? Chandra and Math, (2016) Malpractice: Problems and Solutions- (Bernstein, 2013 p.372-378) Importance of health law and legal issues in medical malpractice: Journal of health and life sciences law- A Better Approach to Medical Malpractice Claims. (Boothman, Blackwell, Campbell, Commiskey, and Anderson, 2009, p 125-159) Medical negligence: Coverage of the profession, duties, ethics, case law, and enlightened defense A legal perspective. Pandit Pandit, (2009) Ethics in medical malpractice: Health Law and Medical Practice Chesnokova and Arina Evgenievna, (2016) Ethics and Medical Malpractice- Dougherty, (1990). Case Reviews: Important medical negligence cases in India Yadav, (2014) References Bernstein, J. (2013) Malpractice: Problem and Solutions. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research 471(3). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3563820/ Boothman, R. C., Blackwell, A. C., Campbell Jr, D. A., Commiskey, E., Anderson, S. (2009). A better approach to medical malpractice claims? The University of Michigan experience. Chandra, M. S., Math, S. B. (2016). Progress in Medicine: Compensation and medical negligence in India: Does the system need a quick fix or an overhaul?. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 19(Suppl 1), S21. Chesnokova, Arina Evgenievna (2016). Health Law and Medical Practice. AMA Journal of Ethics, 18(3),197. Code of Ethics Regulation, (2002). Published in Part III, Section 4 of the Gazette of India, dated 6th April, 2002. Retrieved from http://www.mciindia.org/RulesandRegulations/CodeofMedicalEthicsRegulations2002.aspx Consumer Protection Act (Rule 4 in Order XVIII of Consumer Protection Act, 1986). Bare acts ,Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 ,Order 18 Rule 4. Retrieved from http://www.lawzonline.com/bareacts/civil-procedure-code/order18-rule4-code-of-civil-procedure.htm Dougherty, C. J. (1990). Ethics and Medical Malpractice. Creighton L. Rev., 24, 1233. Hutington B. and Kuhn N., (2003) Communication gaffes: a root cause of malpractice claims 16(2): 157-161. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1201002/ J Health Life Sci Law, 2(2), 125-159. Pandit, M.S. Pandit, S., (2009).Indian Journal of Urology 25(3): 372-378. Medical negligence: Coverage of the profession, duties, ethics, case law, and enlightened defense A legal perspective. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0970-1591 Sloan, F. A., Chepke, L. M. (2008). Medical malpractice (pp. 302-03). Cambridge, MA: Mit Press. Yadav S., (2014) Important medical negligence cases in India. Retrieved fromhttps://blog.ipleaders.in/important-medical-negligence-cases-india/

Medicine During the Civil War Essay -- essays research papers fc

Medicine During the Civil War 1861-1865   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Walt Whitman wrote that he believed the â€Å"real war† would never get into the books, this is the side he was talking about (Belferman 1996). Yet, it is important that we remember and recall the medical side of the conflict too, as horrible and terrifying as it was (Adams 1952). Long before doctors and people knew anything about bacteria and what caused disease was the time of Civil War medicine. Doctors during the Civil War (always referred to as â€Å"surgeons†) were incredibly unprepared. Most surgeons had as little as two years of medical school because very few pursued further education. At that time, Harvard Medical School did not even own a single stethoscope or microscope until well after the war. Most Civil War surgeons had never treated a gun shot wound because they were accustomed to treating minor head colds and sore throats. Many had never performed surgery or even held a scalpel. Medical boards let extremely unqualified students practice medicine due to much needed help for wounded soldiers on the battlefield. â€Å"Some ten thousand surgeons served in the Union and about four thousand served in the Southern Confederacy (Cunningham 1958).†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By far, the deadliest thing that faced the Civil War soldier was disease and infection. For every soldier who died in battle, two died of disease (Cunningham 1958). Among the long list of terminal and fatal diseases that plagued the battlefield as well as the operating table and hospitals were dysentery (a severe form of diarrhea which was very common among the soldiers), measles, small pox, malaria, pneumonia, and â€Å"camp itch† which was caused by skin disease and insects. Malaria was usually brought on by camping in damp areas, where mosquitos were prone to. There were many factors that came into play which explained why disease spread so rapidly. Among the explanations were as follows: inadequate physicals before entering the Army, the fact many troops came from rural areas, neglect of camp hygiene, insects and rodents in the area, exposure to other infected individuals, lack of clothing and shoes, and poor conditions of food and water. Many unqualifi ed recruits entered the Army and diseases cruelly weeded out those who should have been excluded by physical exams prior to recruiting (Shildt 1986).   Ã‚  &... .... The many men and women, North and South, who served in the hospital and sanitary services during the war were proud of their achievements (Adams 1861-1865). The morbidity and mortality rates of both armies showed marked improvement over those of other 19th century wars. The physicians and sanitarians held down the disease fatalities to levels that their generation considered more than reasonable. It was a gruesome business for doctors and patients alike; yet without the doctors and nurses in blue and gray, much of the young manhood of America at mid century might not have survived for the work of rebuilding. (Adams 1861-1865) Works Cited Adams, George W. Doctors In Blue,†Medical History of the Union† Baton Rouge:University of Louisiana Press, 1952 Belferman, Mary â€Å"On Surgery’s Cutting Edge in the Civil War† The Washington Post, June 13, 1996 Cunningham, H.H. Doctors in Gray, Baton Rouge: University of Louisiana Press, 1958 Coco, Gregory A. A Strange and Blighted Land-Gettysburg, The Aftermath, 1995 Schildt, John W. Hunter Homes McGuire:Doctor in Gray, 1986 Adams, George W. â€Å"Fighting for Time† The National Historical Society’s-The Image of War 1861-1865 Volume IV

Animal Abuse

Many people have taken animals for granted since a long time. Thomas Edison once said, â€Å"Non-violence leads to the highest ethics, which is the goal of all evolution. Until we stop harming all other living beings, we are still savages. † Animal cruelty is an ongoing problem that many people disregard in today’s society. It is mainly caused by the use, neglect, and intentional mistreatment of animals, all of which can still be prevented by stricter laws, awareness, and education. It’s said that an animal dies in a laboratory every three seconds. An estimated 25 to 35 million animals are helplessly used in the United States each year for three main purposes; biomedical and behavioral research, education, and drug and product testing (Fox, 58). Animals range from mostly rodents to rabbits, cats, dogs, and monkeys. The conditions in which laboratory animals are kept in are not good at all. Cages are too small and the animals are deprived of social interaction (59). Three examples of the use of scientific research on animals are the Draize test, LD/50 test, and toy tests. The Draize test is the most common procedure to test for irritation. Animals used in this test are rabbits, mainly due to their extremely sensitive eyes. Because rabbits have no tear ducts, it makes it easier for scientists to observe because the rabbits cannot wash test materials out of their eyes. In performing this test, a rabbit’s head is placed in stock to prevent the animal from scratching or pawing at the eye in which a substance has been placed. The lower lid of one eye is pulled down and away from the eye. Then, the test substance such as nail polish remover, shampoo, or mascara is dropped into or smeared on the eye. The other eye acts as a control. Testers look for redness in the affected eye, swelling, and other signs of irritation. Corneal ulcers and blindness are often the result. After the test, the rabbits are either killed or used in another test (McCoy 47). The LD/50 test was developed in England in 1927, by a mathematician. This test is often criticized as unreliable and cruel. The objective of this test is to measure how much of a chemical is required to cause death. The majority of animals used in this test are dogs, rats, hamsters and guinea pigs. In just one single test, up to 200 animals may be used. Laboratory animals are force-fed toxic substances by a stomach tube. Then the animals are observed for two weeks or until death. The animals that survive are usually killed later, as if it’s nothing. Other procedures include the inhalation of a chemical or substance. Animals are forced to breathe the vapor or powder of a chemical or substance. Sometimes, these chemicals are applied to the skin of an animal. In all these tests, observers look for signs of poisoning, bleeding from the eyes, nose, or mouth, difficulty in breathing, tremors, paralysis, and coma (McCoy 106). Toys are often needlessly tested on animals to determine their safety. To test toy guns, manufacturers point the guns in animals’ faces and see if the plastic pieces discharged hurt the animal. Substances like modeling clay are force-fed to animals to test its toxicity. Other tests involve dropping toys on animals to see if any parts hurt them. Not only are these tests cruel, they are unnecessary. Most toy companies have new high-tech methods of testing their toys for safety without harming animals (Various Authors, 61). Animals weren’t created to entertain. Examples of this are the zoos, circuses, and rodeos. At zoos, large captive animals pace back and forth in small pens and other animals just lie around in their cages bored. Many healthy animals are snatched out of their natural habitats and brutally transferred to a cage, where they are prevented from following their most basic instincts, such as gathering food. When capturing chimpanzees, poachers usually shoot the mother and kidnap the child. After all this, statistics show that only one in ten baby chimps survive the journey to the zoo. Zoo animals also suffer from mistreatment. They lack privacy and cannot live according to their natural needs. Aquatic animals have very little water, animals that once lived in herds are alone, and animals of all types are prevented from natural mating, flying, running, climbing, and other instinctive behaviors. Animals bred in zoos are often sold to laboratories for experiments or to circuses. Some zoo animals end up in â€Å"wild game† parks or hunting preserves; where people pay thousands of dollars to shoot a lion or tiger at point-blank range (Various Authors, 64). Both the Draize test and LD/50 test should be banned. They are not only inaccurate, but the Humane Society of the United States stated that its results are of little value in diagnosis and treatment (McCoy, 49). The toy tests should just be completely banned because it is just plain mean and pointless. Many people don’t realize this but circuses are one of the greatest examples of people’s cruelty to animals. Not only are circus animals taken out of their natural habitats, they are confined in cramped cages. Sometimes they have inadequate food and drinking water. When it comes to training, they endure tight collars/muzzles and are whipped, prodded to perform senseless tricks for the sake of entertainment. Some circus animals are drugged to make them more obedient, and others have their teeth and claws removed. When circus animals have outlived their usefulness, they are usually sold to zoos, private collectors, game farms, or research laboratories. They don’t get a moment of peace, even after they are done performing (Various Authors, 65). Rodeos are basically defined as a demonstration of a person’s domination over an innocent animal, rather than their skill in riding. Rodeo animals suffer a lifetime of stress by being transported from one rodeo to another. These animals are captive performers, housed in tiny trailers and pens, then whipped into frenzy for the sake of a show. Electric prods, sticks, painful ointments, and other devices are used to enrage animals and keep them in line. Many suffer severe bruising, neck and back injuries, internal hemorrhaging, and broken bones. Several rodeos don’t even offer veterinary care to animals, which often undergo open wounds, skin infections, cracked hooves, and other maladies (Various Authors, 66). There are various and simple preventions to help stop animal cruelty. One being PETA; one of the many organizations for animal rights. PETA is responsible for ending the use of the Draize test. Their tactics consists of organizing boycotts, promoting shareholder resolutions and alerting the general public (McCoy, 47). Although the federal Animal Welfare Act was created, the animals being researched in laboratories receive little protection under this act because the United States Department of Agriculture does an inadequate job of inspecting animal research facilities, and an even worse job enforcing the law when violations are found. If this act is taken seriously, there would be fewer problems. There are countless alternatives to scientific research including non-animal laboratory tests, clinical tests on human beings, cell and tissue cultures in vitro; microorganisms and other species believed to have limited or no feeling for pain or suffering. There is also a large data base of ingredients and products that have been previously tested, as well as computer models that can provide answers in research procedures or techniques. This alternative would involve fewer animals per experiment/study and that leads to less pain and discomfort (McCoy, 52). Another easy prevention is education. Respect for animals is learned, not inborn. In reality, children have complex feeling about animals, including fear, and the potential to be cruel. Children need adults’ guidance and supervision when it comes to animals. It’s hard for children to understand because children are exposed at a young age, the stereotype of how animals are. Dogs, cats, rabbits are often portrayed as the good ones, while snakes, bears, and cheetahs are seen as the dangerous, bad guys. Despite these stereotypes, all animals are equal and should have the chance to be treated fairly. Other ways to teach children to be kind to animals are writing letters to companies that test on animals, and reading books about friendly animals (Harnack, 89). All these preventions are straightforward and simple to follow. Animal cruelty is an ongoing problem that many people disregard in today’s society. It is mainly caused by the use, neglect, and intentional mistreatment of animals, all of which can still be prevented by stricter laws, awareness, and education. Clearly, empathy is no longer understood or experienced. It is not too late to help animals who suffer every moment of their lives in unethical experiments and abuse inflicted on by humans.

Logical Fallacy

One of the main problems with Michael Moore’s IDIOT NATION (and much of Moore’s work in general) is the fact that Moore begins with a conclusion and works backwards in an attempt to prove his argument. That is, he has already made up his mind on a subject and then â€Å"cherry picks† facts and arguments to prove his point. Unfortunately, his proof collapses upon careful examination of the logic flaws in his arguments. This will be proven by selecting several examples of flawed logic in the work and defining it. Consider the follow excerpt by Moore condemns private education and promotes public education by way of personal attacks: â€Å"Hunt these little pricks down like dogs and then cage them until we can break their will†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (138) Moore is referring to here is the elitist attitude of the clergy and he points it out in a thoroughly pandering manner. He presents a supremely sweeping generality of nuns as totalitarian dictators. This demonizes the nuns is done to disparage the educational system they represent so as to prop up the other institution. This method hopes to gain sympathy for a cause through the cheap use of personal attacks. Similarly, Moore attacks the military and lays the blame on defense spending as the reason why there is much failure in the public schools: â€Å"[political leaders and voters] have decided it is a bigger priority to build another bomber than to educate our children.† (135) In other words, because tax dollars are being funneled needlessly to the military our schools are in bad shape. Hence, cut military spending because there is no need for it and pump more money into schools and the schools will automatically improve. This is a thoroughly false analogy as it infers there are no security threats to the United States and that military build up is arbitrary and aggressive and that schools are under-funded, both of which are complete inaccuracies. First, the public education system in the United States is no where near as bad as alarmists like Moore contend. Public schools has produces many excellent students over the years, but let’s center on the worst case scenarios†¦after all, that is what Moore does. If millions of dollars were pumped into the school system, how would this alter the attitudes of areas of contention such as poor quality teachers who are not doing their jobs or students who cut class? What about the millions of dollars of already spent on public education that has produced little results? Why should it be increased? And why cut military spending? Why not cut agriculture subsidies? Because Moore personally doesn’t like the military and that is the bidget cut he is after. Moore is also opposed to measures of discipline in public schools and uses an argument rooted in pandering to gain support. Consider the following: â€Å"kids learn to submerge personal expression. They learn that it is better to go along so that you get along.† (147) Moore is referring to dress codes that have been instituted in some public schools. Moore’s statement panders to those who would sympathize with an anti-authoritarian statement and may be willing to align with his anarchist sentiment. The reality of this sentiment is that no one is trying to submerge personal expression as much as the schools are attempting to reduce violence. Many dress codes were designed as a way of reducing gang violence. Moore does not address this and opts to pander to those who see such actions by the school as an attack on rugged individualism. Pandering may draw support, but it can not make an untrue argument about conspiracies to subvert individualism. Moore is not an unintelligent man and has been known to make clear and intelligent points. Unfortunately, his desire to be a populist has led to such flawed logical treatises such as IDIOT NATION and this is unfortunate as he could do much better.                                 

Types of Writing Classes

Types of Writing Classes There is no better way to become a better writer than to sign up for and take some basic writing classes.   These classes can be found all over the place, at local park districts or community colleges, to online clubs, or a local group that meets weekly at a cafe to discuss their work. I strongly believe that anyone who has any serious desires towards becoming a writer, or simply to improve their style and tone should be signed up for these classes and meeting with other writers.   They will critique your work and help you learn how to more effectively communicate your ideas in writing, which, of course, will help you grow as a writer and as a person. In my experience, the best classes are offered through colleges, though they are typically much more expensive there than anywhere else.   Try to find a community college where you can take some classes at a significant discount rather than a major state university or a private school.   In general, the classes will be significantly less money, and there will be fewer people in class, so you get more of a one-on-one with the teacher. Another option is to start, or to find a local group to meet with and discuss your writing with.   This is difficult for many people who aren’t sure where to look.   Indeed, these little clubs are a little hard to find, and many do not actively look for new members, so it is difficult to get into even if you can find one. The other option, which is often the best option for most people, is to enroll in an online writing class.   These classes are offered all over the place, often through colleges (again, expensive), but they do not require you to meet regularly or discuss in person, since everything is done through an online forum. Other times, there are types of writing classes which focus on giving you exercises and practice activities to engage your mind in writing on things that you normally wouldn’t consider writing about.   I personally think that these are more helpful to you than writing critique groups because they take you out of your element and force you to try something totally new.   This can help people who write only in one style by helping them realize new techniques that they can take from the new discipline and apply to their own. No matter what kind of class you decide on, make sure you take the time to go out and sign up for one right away.

Impact of industrialisation 19 essays

Impact of industrialisation 19 essays Industrialization, Nationalism and imperialism, if they are brought together their product is highly explosive, because of different interests of different groups that are influential enough to affect countrys foreign and domestic policy. I chose the industrialization as the first aspect to asses, because as far as I am concerned these three issues can be put in a chain. Due to my knowledge, the first step to imperialism is highly developed economy, what causes increasing importance of industrialists. XIXth century is often called as the great century of technical development. In the second part of this century, we can notice that Germany (still not unified) recorded an industrialization Boom that made it after unification 3rd powerful power in the world. Same time in Russia, that was under the reign of Alexander II, reforms were introduced. Some of them like abolition of selfdom were to liberal for back warded Russia. Although establishment of the State Bank and introduce of new taxes made high industrialization weaker than in other European states. France for instance suffered another difficulties with industrialization. Their industry class was weakened by 1848 revolutions and Franco-Prussian war that lead to unification of Germany. The only country that did not suffer gross difficulties with industrialization was Great Britain. Although G.B. industrialization had a specific character. As the industrialization proceeded the local, island market became satiated. The industry circles began seek for new markets and started to export their products abroad, to Continental Europe and to British colonies, in fact British empire increased its size b 50% in XIX century, to cover 1/5 of the globe and something like a quarter of worlds population. This state was desired by all of contemporary industry circles across the Europe. To produce on a large scale and to earn proportional amounts of money. ...

How To Accept A Job Offer Like a Boss

How To Accept A Job Offer Like a Boss Before you accept the job offer, there are a few things you need to consider. You’ve done all this work getting through the hiring process: crafted a perfect resume and cover letter, braved (and knocked out of the park!) your first and second interviews, and waited by the phone. And now the time has arrived- you’ve been offered the position! It can be really tempting to blurt out â€Å"YES, OF COURSE, I ACCEPT!† as soon as you’re given the good news, but it might be more prudent to wait and follow the procedures we lay out to ensure your transition is smooth and your new job every bit as good as you’re expecting it to be. Remember: in making you an offer, the company is showing their hand. They want you to show your hand right away in response and give them back the power. Instead, consider wielding it for a while before accepting.Here are some good practices when accepting (or considering accepting) an offer.1. Say thank you.Always be classy, from day one. Step one is always to show your appreciation, no matter whether you are speaking in person, on the phone, or via email. Even if you fully plan to counter their initial offer (and there’s a great chance you should anticipate negotiating your salary), it’s perfectly fine to express your excitement about the position. You’re thrilled! Why hide it? This will make them feel less vulnerable, and also more open to helping you make it work.2. Get it in writing.You have the right to request an official offer letter, which includes the name of the position, starting date, salary, and benefit details. This serves two purposes: 1) it buys you a little time and lets you examine the details thoroughly before accepting, and 2) it makes the offer official. Most companies won’t require an immediate answer after giving you the offer letter, but it never hurts to inquire as to their time table- and respect it.3. Write your own acceptance confirmation.There is a rig ht way to say â€Å"yes† once you’ve expressed your appreciation, received initial notice in writing, reviewed the initial terms, (hopefully) negotiated the salary and benefits you want, and received the go-ahead. Once everything is nailed down, it’s best professional practices to put your acceptance in writing, as well, via an acceptance letter (email is usually fine for this).A written acceptance gives you the chance to reiterate all of the details you’ve negotiated, including precise terms of compensation, expectations, vacation, and benefits. It gives you an additional opportunity to thank them and express your enthusiasm. A more formal, written acceptance is a great way to acknowledge and be appreciative if the negotiating process took longer than you expected. And it’s the best way to clarify next steps.Close by asking how you can best prepare for your first day. Should you show up earlier than the typical start time in order to set things up ? Is there any other information you need to bring from home? How can you make your transition as smooth as possible for them?Be proactive and start on the right foot- in showing them that you care enough to nail down the details before you begin, they will already be pleased they chose you before you even step in the door.Make sure to keep your acceptance letter brief, grateful, and absolutely precise. Edit early and often. Finally, make sure you don’t forget to proofread carefully. It’s important to set a professional tone right from the start.Congrats on your new job! Getting started on the right foot will make you feel great for the opportunities that are just beginning.

Humanities through the arts - Architecture Essay

Humanities through the arts - Architecture - Essay Example JÃ ¸rn Oberg Utzon created the Sydney Opera House which is one of most recognizable buildings in the world. These men made architecture an art form. Gustave Eiffel’s most recognizable work is the Eiffel Tower. Eiffel created a skyscraper for the first time that did not religious meaning or a military purpose (Dupre 2001:16-17). The intricate patterns of iron work that make up the Eiffel Tower are constructed to hold up from the wind. The pattern is abstract with no significance except to be wind proof. This immense tower is dated 1889 (Dupre 2001:16). The measurement of the height is 968 ft, or 300 m. (Dupre 2001:16). This structure was at the time the tallest in the world. Eiffel created a true masterpiece. The Johnson Wax Administration Building and Research Tower was created for the Johnson and Son Corporation by Frank Lloyd Wright. Part of the building was finished in 1939, but construction continued until 1955 (Lipman 2003:111). This building only cost $750,000, which gave Wright a commission of $50,000 (Lipman 2003:142). The new building had ascetic curves along with practical spaces. All of the new amenities like air conditioning, elevators, and other conveniences were created for this wax company. The work space was directly above the rest rooms, break rooms, and lockers connected by a spiral stair (Lipman 2003:183). This building was modern architecture at its best. JÃ ¸rn Oberg Utzon designed the Sydney Opera House. This achievement in surreal architecture has given Utzon a placed on the world monument list. The wooden ceiling is suspended from the roof (Giedion 1967:680). Utzon used new surreal concepts and made them a reality. This created a building suitable for opera. The shells that are used on the Sydney Opera House allowed Utzon to come up with a unique structure. Although many of the spaces in the Sydney House are not functional, the building has been considered a masterpiece. These three structures are all famous. The Johnson Wax

Law of Tort Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law of Tort - Article Example A conviction in criminal court does not necessarily mean automatic compensation under tort law. (King, 2006) The following cases would explain the position of Duty, Breach of Duty, Causation, Remotness, Damages or Remedies under the aspects of Tort Law. Due to some recent issues surrounding plant security, Bug has to address some concerns both with a focus on short and long-term solutions. With any organization the first priority should be to protect its assets. This must start with ensuring the safety of its workforce on company property. Since Bug has at least two full shifts, the lighting and security for night shift workers must be addressed. The company must address the parking lot lighting situation by having all lights repaired immediately. Management should also incorporate some type of safety process that discourages individuals from leaving the plant alone. If security is present, then the rounds made by the guards should be increased, even if the company has to purchase some type of motorized vehicle. (King, 2006) In the following scenario, Bug can be held liable based on the category of Intentional Tort. Both the vendor and employees who were victimized can claim reasonable apprehension of imminent harm because Bug knew its lighting and security process were not fully operational. ... No entity can eliminate crime, so the company cannot be held liable for all incidents of violence. Another stance may be that the company made a mistake in underestimating the level of increased crime within the city; thus failing to make improvements within the plant security. Does the company have a safe place to hold visitors, and how often does security escort employees to their vehicles' Having processes in place such as these can assist with providing documentation of efforts by the organization to offset security risks. (King, 2006) The Bug Company manufactured some wiretaps without insulators to save on production cost. The company later adds insulators to the newer version that they produced which Bug's duty of care is to produce safe equipment. The original version caused harm to someone and Bug should be responsible. (King, 2006) The police department purchased the original version of these wiretaps that short-circuited and injured Officer Sally DoGood. Sally could pursue the Negligence tort against Bug for not producing safe equipment and receive punitive and actual damages for their Intentional tortious conduct that resulted in her being injured. Strict Liability is another tort that Sally can pursue because it was not her fault that the wiretaps short-circuited. The police department can also be held responsible for issuing the old equipment to Sally that caused her to be injured on the job. Manufactures, designs, and sells electronic recording devices in the United States. They also manufacture products internationally. Demands for their products are increasing in the International sales markets. Bug is currently making decisions to expand the sales department to market products

Chartered Portfolio Manager- Week 9 Discussion Post and Student Assignment - 1

Chartered Portfolio Manager- Week 9 Discussion Post and Student Responses - Assignment Example Following the Second World War, it was clear that oil was a coveted industrial commodity. The most celebrated and visible event in history took place when the United States president, Franklin Roosevelt met the founding monarch of Saudi Arabia. The meeting between the two world leaders linked American national security and Middle East oil. It also gave birth to one of the most significant strategic relationship that was forged in the 20th century with Saudis meant to supply cheap oil to the world markets with an aim of acquiring American protection. Over the course of the 20th century, preserving the security of Saudi Arabia as well as that of other countries such as Iraq were among the main political and economic concerns of countries such as the united states of America (Bouillon, 2013). The presence of oil in the Middle East countries and the struggle to control the commodity was fraught with peril and always proved costly in terms of treasure and blood. Oil has continued to flow into the global markets even though with a lot of difficulties emanating both internally and externally. Since the end of the 1970s, most of the countries in the Middle East including Iraq have experienced permanent war and revolution as a result of the commodity. In Iraq for example under the regime of Saddam Hussein, was rocked by domestic war that resulted to loss of lives. Even though security is measured by absence of war, most of the countries in the Middle East have encountered threats of domestic and international war as a result of supply of oil. The United States led inversion of Iraq in the year 2003 and the conflicts experienced in most of the countries in the region have represented both the international and domestic politics affecting the region. The American military invasion of the country represented only a stage of the US militarism in the Middle East. While more considerable

Case Study Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper - Case Study Example onal leader because he gets involved in every activity that is taking place in his businesses, allowing each employee to have a chance to make certain recommendations on ways of improving different projects and activities. Branson is an exceptional servant leader who leads from the front and works to benefit both his employees, and clients. Sir Branson does understand that the failure is part of life. However, he urges all his employees to fail because that is the only way they can learn to correct their mistakes. So often, as Branson notes, people fear failure yet the only way one can learn to do anything is buy learning how to do it. If everyone is fearful that the mistakes may cost him or her job, Branson opines that that is a sure way of failing in becoming successful (Scouller, 2011). He tells of his past as a good way of learning how to deal with life because the rules sometimes hinder people from achieving their best in life. However, if one looks beyond what the rules offer, the success of the company will be nesting on that particular end. The regulations in place do not hinder the success of the company but are a boost towards rising above the status quo. In fact, Branson urges all his employees to be bold enough to challenge themselves by taking up new challenges and working towards realizing their goals. Th e aim is to build an enterprise that points towards success rather than remain etched in the confines of one’s fears (Howell, 2012). Many people also fail to understand that concentrating on a goal is the best way of overcoming any fear. At a young age, Branson was diagnosed with dyslexia, and performed poorly in the normal classroom structures. However, that did not kill his dream (Howell, 2012). He went on to start a magazine that gave the youth a voice, and since then, he has never looked back in regret. He shows his employees that what makes them fail is their inability to get past their failures and fears. He shows them that the best way of

Networking topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Networking topic - Research Paper Example mmunication facilitates the similar communication as telephone without loss in reliability, functionality or quality; as well as in fulfillment by the ITU (or International Telecommunications Union) presented communication specifications. The term of VoIP is as well employed to denote the software and hardware utilized to perform such calls over the Internet network (BestPriceComputers). Internet Telephony is acknowledged as Voice over IP, which facilitates people to speak to other people over the Internet. Specifically, Internet telephony makes use of the Internet in place of public switch telephone to establish a connection between a calling party and one or more called parties. To do an Internet call, caller needs to install Internet telephone software. Because when the caller talks into a computer microphone, then the Internet telephone software and the computer’s sound card digitize and condense voice and then distribute the compressed voice over the Internet to the target party or listener. In the same way, a call receiver also needs to install the Internet telephone software as software at the receiving end reverse this procedure as a result call receiver can listen what caller party have said (Shelly, Cashman and Vermaat 464). In every VoIP communication system, caller’s voice is transformed into online data packets of data, similar to small fi les, as well as then distributed to the target or receiver over the web/Internet as well as decoded at the receiver end back into our voice. Also, to complete this process quickly, these online data packets are compressed prior to distribute, in the same way as we zip our files and folders for reducing their size (ProgrammerWorld) VoIP communication offers lot of advantages regarding better and effective communication. Below I have outlined some main advantages of the VoIP technology: (Garden), (BestPriceComputers), (Unuth) and (TechTarget): Facility of IVR, conference calling, automatic redial, call forwarding

Innovation and Entrepreneurship Specialism Essay

Innovation and Entrepreneurship Specialism - Essay Example But the company holds over 60,000 products ranging from adhesive tapes to office stationary. The company is built around the chemical technology of coating and bonding (Strebel, 1987). Other mentionable items include equipment for traffic and safety signs, medical supplies, magnetic tapes and CDs. Their strategy of applying adhesive coating technologies to products has remained lucrative throughout their corporate history (Grant, 1991). The company also manufactures electrical equipment. The reason behind this success in innovation is its effective knowledge management system (Cavusgil, Calantone and Zhao, 2003). In the beginning, the company pursued a policy where the top management informally encouraged innovation but during later years the company formalized its innovation policy. It has built a culture based around innovation. Impressive financial success allows the company to maintain its innovation policy. Looking at 3Ms history it appears that their research and development culture is composed of elements that have not been modified in the companys 90 year history, but still the company is recognized for environmental leadership (Mitsch, 1992). 3M started its operations by selling sandpaper of inferior quality. It was quite an art to sell such a product. The company achieved this by getting closer to their clientele. They pursued a policy of relationship building with the customers. They demonstrated to the workmen how they could use this product. It was an example of relationship selling. This strategy taught the company a valuable lesson to get close with the customers and get to know their exact needs. Building such a relationship with the customers also gave the company an advantage where they could realize other market opportunities. The company apprehended early on that they could not simply compete based on price. The company identified certain niches that they could capitalize on. The first product they focused on was Three-M-Iteâ„ ¢

Networking topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Networking topic - Research Paper Example mmunication facilitates the similar communication as telephone without loss in reliability, functionality or quality; as well as in fulfillment by the ITU (or International Telecommunications Union) presented communication specifications. The term of VoIP is as well employed to denote the software and hardware utilized to perform such calls over the Internet network (BestPriceComputers). Internet Telephony is acknowledged as Voice over IP, which facilitates people to speak to other people over the Internet. Specifically, Internet telephony makes use of the Internet in place of public switch telephone to establish a connection between a calling party and one or more called parties. To do an Internet call, caller needs to install Internet telephone software. Because when the caller talks into a computer microphone, then the Internet telephone software and the computer’s sound card digitize and condense voice and then distribute the compressed voice over the Internet to the target party or listener. In the same way, a call receiver also needs to install the Internet telephone software as software at the receiving end reverse this procedure as a result call receiver can listen what caller party have said (Shelly, Cashman and Vermaat 464). In every VoIP communication system, caller’s voice is transformed into online data packets of data, similar to small fi les, as well as then distributed to the target or receiver over the web/Internet as well as decoded at the receiver end back into our voice. Also, to complete this process quickly, these online data packets are compressed prior to distribute, in the same way as we zip our files and folders for reducing their size (ProgrammerWorld) VoIP communication offers lot of advantages regarding better and effective communication. Below I have outlined some main advantages of the VoIP technology: (Garden), (BestPriceComputers), (Unuth) and (TechTarget): Facility of IVR, conference calling, automatic redial, call forwarding

Product Standardization Strategy of Starbucks Case Study

Product Standardization Strategy of Starbucks - Case Study Example The rise of multinationals such as Starbucks came with the advent of globalization, where trade restrictions were eliminated. Doing businesses in most countries abroad became much easier than before. Government regulations are more relaxed and tariffs were reduced or totally eliminated. These developments have given chance to big companies in the developed countries to capture bigger markets including the Third World. This has given rise to the issue of how to standardize product internationally and at the same time adapt to the individual idiosyncrasies of each country. Multinational firms such as Starbucks face this type of dilemma.   Product standardization is the introduction of domestic products internationally with a little or no modification (International Product Decision). Product standardization is done in commodities such as shoes. Multinational shoe firms such as Nike, Adidas and Reebok release shoes that are sold across different countries. The other way of marketing product is through adaptation. If the firm spouses this marketing strategy, it adapts domestic product to suit the foreign market. Product modifications are done. They can be specifically designed for foreign markets.   It is believed that ‘global marketing of standardized products can, however, lower operating costs, and with effective coordination exploit a company best product and marketing ideas† (Powers). One of the benefits of standardization is it allows current technology to adapt products and services to the local needs and wants. â€Å"It is also possible to tailor standardized strategies for different worldwide segments that exist cross-nationally† (Powers).   

Compare Nuclear and Wind Energy

Compare Nuclear and Wind Energy At present, society is developing rapidly so mankind needs more electricity. Most countries are using the method of burning fossil fuels to make power to produce the materials which effects the environment because carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide are emitted. These gases can help to build the greenhouse effect and acid rain pollution, which will make the earths temperature warmer and the rain acidic. Therefore, mankind uses new ways to produce energy, such as, nuclear, wind and solar. In this essay, nuclear energy will be compared and contrasted with wind energy; both of them are energy for sustainable development, though the main differences are their location, environment and efficiency. The similarity is that both nuclear energy and wind energy are will have a negative affect for environment, although both of them are not product bad for environment gas. According to Darvill (2010), the nuclear energy is produced by the large nuclei splitting to release energy. However, after nuclear fission, the nuclear power plant will produce some danger waste, when the radiation happening, Marples (1996) stated that Iodine-131, Cesium-137, and Strontium-90 were the most serious radioactive elements to be disseminated by the disaster at Chornobyl. The cases it was nuclear and pollution. For example, Marples (1996) reported that the famous nuclear leakage is the disaster at Chornobyl on the middle of ninety century which the contaminated areas include, approximately 20 percentage of the territory of Belarus, circa 8 percentage of Ukraine and about 0.5-1.0 percentage of the Russian Federation, altogether the total area is about the size of the Northern Ireland combined the state ad d of Kentucky or of Scotland. Besides that, wind energy is also harmful to the environment. Because wind power energy needs to build a high tower, put a large propeller on the top, the wind blow the propeller turn round. Furthermore the windmill can kill birds, Darvill (2012) show than migrating flocks tend like to dependent on strong wind move. However, the windmills also like to build in those areas. Therefore the species will be abatement or disappear to break the ecological balance, which is the same badly for environments. Both ways to make electricity are bad for environments. One obvious difference is the geographical limitations of power generation. When a country found the new way to make energy, this is the most important thing they considered. Nuclear energy and wind power energy both have geographic limitations. Most nuclear power stations are built in coastal regions, because the nuclear power stations need to use the sea water as the coolant. If the stations were building inland, nuclear power station also can use the fresh water as the coolant, however the investment would be raised. The location of wind power is more important for generation, mankind would like to build a lot of these towers together, to set up a wind farm and produce more energy, before building the station, the most important part is to choose a place which has strong wind as wind farm. Duncan (2000) pointed out that the wind speed should be around in 25 meter per second to make sure that the wind turbines are working stably, it than mean the wind must strong and reliable. Such as Darvill (2010) showed that at the open plains, on the tops of hills and gaps in mountains. Therefore, wind energy cannot be used everywhere. Another difference between nuclear energy and wind energy is efficiency. Nuclear power stations work as the fossil fuel burning stations, both of which are heating the water to make steam, that turn turbines and make electrical power. One ton of uranium produces more energy than that produced by several million tons of coal or several million barrels of oil (Thinkquest). Thus, the nuclear power energy is more efficientlyÂÂ  than the fossil fuels when making power. However wind power energy is a kind of low efficiency energy. Duncan (2000) illustrated that both of from solar energy and wind power energy, the cost of produced electricity are substantial higher than for a heat power station, furthermore the generators are erratic since they require sunshine or wind to work. For example Currently only 1 percentage of the state of Californias electricity supply comes from 17000 wind mills, with the equivalent output of one fossil-fuel plant (Duncan, 2000). The efficiency is the obvio us difference for nuclear energy and wind energy. In conclusion, nuclear energy and wind power energy are both have different and similar property. The similarity is both of them are not product the bad for environment gas. The nuclear energy is high efficiency energy, it cost less source to make more energy; Even though, after fission, it would produce waste, which is dangerous the wash, it is danger. Furthermore, the wind energy is efficiency is too low and the geographical limitation is a big problem. In my opinion, the nuclear energy power can be the popular to use in future, because nuclear is more efficiency, the waste problem will with the social development to resolve.

Personal Narrative- First Job Anxiety Essay -- Personal Perspective

Personal Narrative- First Job Anxiety Thump-thump, thump-thump, thump-thump. My heart began to race as I climbed in my truck early Monday morning. Anticipation grew inside of me at the thought of starting my new job. Would it be difficult? Would I get frustrated? I kept asking myself these questions, but I didn't want to know the answers. All the confidence that I had built up before that day had diminished and I was left with dread. I tried to reassure myself that it was just a summer job and that I would never have to go through it again, but my anxiety had already overcome me. I managed to get myself to the office, trying not to appear intimidated as I entered the front door. I immediately got a wave of relief when I saw my dad sitting at his desk waiting for my arrival. "So†¦ where do I start?" I asked him, in a somewhat shaky voice. He led me to my desk and gave me my first assignment, and from there things appeared to be going smoothly. I continued working, and soon felt as ease with my surroundings. "I guess there's really no need to stress out over this," I thought. H...

A clear explaining how the production process and quality :: Business and Management Studies: Management

A clear explaining how the production process and quality assurance/control system employed by the business helps it add value to its product or service. Quality control can be defined as the means of inspecting or testing quality at various points in the production process or delivery of service. It is usually applied during or after production. It can also be described as the process of monitoring specific project results to determine if they comply with relevant standards and identifying ways to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory performance. Quality assurance can be described as making quality the responsibility of everyone at all stages of production of the goods and services. It can also be defined as a system that comprises of all those planned and systematic actions necessary to provide confidence that a structure, system or component will perform satisfactorily its services. All of this can add enormously to the amount or value of a product. A lot of products go through a series of production process. Since every industry knows how much profit could be made in the production process, they try to increase the amount of quality control. They are a lot of production processes used in Sainsbury’s to help add value to a product or service. One of the main objectives of Sainsbury’s apart from making profit is to satisfy customers, which is converting inputs to outputs. Value added happens when raw materials are gathered in order to make a finished product in which a business can use to sell. For example Sainsbury’s different food stuffs in order for them to sell in their store. Value adding is finished product, which has been assembled by a producer to make a product that is good enough to sell. Quality control is where a companies manufacturing process is checked every milestone in order to find anything wrong with the product which will not make its sellable to customers. Where quality control is applied may cause waste, this is because the business would want to throw it away. Through inspection of product it helps to see whether products are being made of satisfactory standard to be sold and whether the producers of the product are making it properly and to know whether or not it is man made or machine made. Quality assurance happens when a product is made and it is suitable to be sold at the quality of a customers assurance, for example if the expectations of a product is not reached, limited to the actual product it self then the quality assurance of the product is not suitable to be sold. When a product is being produced it is vital that there are no

Management and corporate social responsibility Essay

Corporate social responsibility is a significant issue in the current business environment. There is now a significant shift in businesses to become recognized as being socially responsible whilst achieving the primary business objective of profit maximization. Business now strive particularly to reach the triple bottom line as a key objective as it incorporates; people planet and profit objectives. Corporate social responsibility is often difficult to define, as there are many different definitions and understandings amongst academics and professionals. However corporate social responsibility can broadly be defined as a ‘‘concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis’’ (Falkenberg and Bruns? l 2012). The relationship between socially responsible business actions and profit maximization is generally mixed and controversial. Generally the view is that in order for a business to undertake socially responsible practices there is often increased financial and non-financial costs in order to ensure this and thus leading to decreased profits in the short term. However it is also evident that socially responsible business actions and strong relationships with business stakeholders may lead to significant long-term profit maximization. Corporate social responsibility is now an essential factor within business management. A firm’s corporate social responsibility must be evident throughout all its business functions, in which the ethics and values of the business must align to meet all stakeholder expectations. Including social, environmental and ethical factors of business. In the article â€Å"Is harm reduction profitable? An analytical framework for corporate social responsibility based on an epidemic model of addictive consumption† (Massin 2012) the corporate social responsibility of firms in the industry of addictive substances, most noteworthy, gambling, cigarettes, and alcohol. There is a significant paradox in relation to producers within these industries and their socially responsible claims. â€Å"These firms claim to be socially responsible while marketing a product clearly identified and harmful† (Massin 2012). The paper generally focuses on the substances of alcohol, cigarettes and gambling, as it is these products â€Å"whose consumption shares the dual characteristic of being at risk of leading the users to gradually lose control over their consumption and of generating health and social damage. † (Massin 2012) thus highlighting the contradiction of the producer’s claims of being socially responsible whilst selling these highly addictive products. Within the industries of addictive goods firms cannot be completely socially responsible, as this would involve the removal of these products from the market. Thus highlighting the inability for producers of addictive products to achieve corporate social responsibility. Therefore illustrating the inability of firms in these industries to be socially responsible whilst still achieving the primary business goal of profit maximization. Corporate social responsibility involves business firms aligning their values with those of their stakeholders. There are many significant stakeholders of business, including shareholders, managers, employees and society. Another significant business stakeholder is that of the environment. A socially responsible business is viewed to have open and accountable business actions based on respect for the community, society and the broader environment, and not just legal regulations. This therefore means a socially responsible business ensures it takes into account environmental stability and sustainability. In the article â€Å"Environmental corporate social responsibility and financial performance disentangling direct and indirect effects† (Loiui, Sharma 2012) the link between environmental social responsibility and financial performance has been established. The increasing environmental awareness has lead to increased firm research and development and hence has established new technologies and production processes (Loiui, Sharma 2012). This increases research and development and implementation of new technologies and production processes generally leads to significant short-term business costs in the implementation and change within the business. However, the implementation of socially responsible business behavior leading to environmental sustainability creates significant long-term profit opportunities through increased waste reduction, lower business consumption and also increase brand image in the eyes of consumers. This linkage between socially responsible business actions, involving environmentally friendly processes and the ability to maximize profit highlights the ability for firms to uphold socially responsible business actions whilst also being able to achieve financial objectives and profit maximization. Corporate social responsibility is viewed as an essential business function in today’s business environment. However, corporate social responsibility is widely viewed as a violation of a businesses financial performance and the opportunity for business profit maximization. Corporate social responsibility is seen to have many disadvantages that hinder and impede the fundamental business goal of profitability. This concept is further explored in the paper â€Å"the casual effect of corporate governance on corporate social responsibility† (Maretno and Harjoto 2012). In which it is highlighted that there are three alternatives to the relationship between corporate social responsibility and a firm’s corporate financial performance. These three theories identify the variable relationships between socially responsible business actions and financial performance. One of the alternatives illustrates the constraint corporate social responsibility imposes on the primary business goals of profitability. It is stated that socially responsible business actions are viewed as â€Å"costly activities and a waste of scarce resources, and therefore have an adverse impact on firm value† (Maretno and Harjoto 2012). Corporate social responsibility is often viewed as a costly procedure for businesses to undertake. However, this cost of corporate social responsibility is not only financial but also involves costs associated with time, resources and labour, furthermore contributing to the overall financial inefficiency and disadvantages associated with corporate social responsibility. The impeding financial and non financial costs of the implementation of corporate social responsibility create significant hindrances to a businesses’ ability to maximize profits and thus, highlights the difficulty in relation to being socially responsible whilst also satisfying the primary business goal of profit maximization. Although corporate social responsibility is seen to violate profits, it is also believed that firms that conduct socially responsible business actions may reap financial gain and profit maximization. A company’s business action in relation to corporate social responsibility generally has significant influence on the attitudes of non-investing stakeholders and the general society. In the article â€Å"the casual effect of corporate governance on corporate social responsibility† (Maretno and Harjoto 2012) Maretno and Harjoto explain CSR as a â€Å"conflict resolution hypothesis†, in which corporate social responsibility is used as a conflict resolution tool between the firm and they’re non-investing stakeholders (Maretno and Harjoto 2012). Soana’s paper â€Å"the relationship between corporate social performance and corporate financial performance in the banking sector† (Soana 2011) further more identifies the positive link between both corporate social responsibility and financial performance and profitability. Corporate social responsibility is seen to give firms â€Å"competitive advantage† and may also be seen as a â€Å"safeguard of corporate reputation†(Soana 2011). The use of corporate social responsibility as a conflict resolution tool and a safeguard for unpredictability creates significant opportunity for strong financial performance within the firm, due to its creation of several strategic advantages for business, such as the enhanced and harmonious business environments as well as enhanced public image and greater brand value. These factors greatly contribute to the financial performance of the firm and thus if corporate social responsibility is achieved there are significant opportunities for profit maximization. Therefore illustrating the ability of firms to uphold socially responsible actions and corporate social responsibility, whilst still retaining the ability to achieve the primary business goal of profit maximization. Corporate social responsibility has a paramount influence on businesses in the current business environment. Corporate social responsibility consists of open and accountable business actions in order to align the firm’s values with those of their stakeholders. Businesses are now becoming more concerned with the demands of corporate social responsibility, whilst still trying to achieve the fundamental business goal of profit maximization. There is many challenges associated whilst trying to achieve the business objectives of corporate social responsibility and profit maximization simultaneously. Corporate social responsibility generally is associated with increased business costs, including those of time, misuse of resources and monetary costs. However, it has also become evident that socially responsible business actions may lead to long-term financial gains for business as well as greater stakeholder reputation, brand perception and efficiency, ultimately leading to the maximization of business profits. References Falkenberg, J. and Brunsael, P. (2012) corporate social responsibility: a strategic advantage or a strategic necessity?. Journal of business ethics, 99 p. 9-16. [Accessed: 24th April 2013]. Lioui, A. and Sharma, Z. (2012) Environmental corporate social responsibility and financial performance: Disentangling direct and indirect effects. Ecological economics, 78 p. 100-111. [Accessed: 24th April 2013]. Maretno, H. and Harjoto, A. (2012) The casual effect of corporate governance con corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business ethics, 106 p. 53-72. [Accessed: 20th April 2013]. Massin, S. (2012) Is harm reduction profitable? an analytical framework for corporate social responsibility based on an epidemic model of addictive consumption. Social Science and medicine, 74 p. 1856-1863. [Accessed: 24th april 2013]. Soana, M. (2011) The relationship between corporate social performance and corporate financial performance in the banking sector. Journal of business ethics, 104 p. 133-148. [Accessed: 24th April 2013].

Nature and Human

NATURE AND HUMAN Nature and human have always interacted throughout history, and the interaction of the two forces has evolved into a series of demands that people have put on nature to survive and develop. By contrast a minority of people have questioned the state of things and tried to figure out how humanity and nature can interact and develop together, and through their questioning they have come to define their idea as ecological cosmology. To begin with it is important to always start from the word itself, as each and every word has a meaning firstly by itself, and then it can acquire more depth through its use in a given context.Ecological cosmology comes from the Greek ‘oikos' and ‘logos' , these two words define respectively a ‘dwelling place' and a ‘discourse' or ‘intelligible manifestation'. Ecological is something that deals with the environment in which one is, and on what can be said of that environment. Cosmology is instead related to â₠¬Ëœkosmos' or order and its intelligible manifestation, thus it can be said that there is an intelligible order or a logic to how things happen.Ecological cosmology can be seen as the order in which things happen in a given environment, and many versions of it exist, as many people with different backgrounds thought of defining the order of things depending on how themselves and their environment are shaped or are going to be shaped. â€Å"The mythological process deals not only with natural objects, but with the creative potencies whose original product is consciousness itself. So it is here that our expl anation breaks through into objectivity and becomes wholly objective (Shelling, 207). Ecological cosmology has been seen as a mythological force, of creative and positive nature, which comes to define elements of nature, and the perceptiveness of them that people come to have. Talking about nature and ecological cosmology becomes as a result part of a discourse that does not limi t itself on discussing how a myth can come to be seen in nature, but also on the fact that a myth becomes an object that people can see in nature and attribute a representation to it – that can be viewed on how people see and define elements and objects within nature and how these objects happen to effect the relationship of mankind and nature. It is worth noting that no moral cause ever got very far that could not speak to religious conviction, drawing on the deeper sensibilities that guide public opinion even in our more secular era (Scully, pp. 12-13). † Throughout the evolution of mankind, people have gone through different phases of ecological cosmology and at one point or another – ecological cosmology happened to be tied in with Christian principles to be viewed as something more approachable as a way of being within nature, rather than the sole use of nature.For instance at one moment or the other nature has been perceived as an element of God's creations , in which people were to live abiding the rule of God, and using nature to further man's position on earth. It is interesting to see in fact how the evolution of Christianity has put people first as representation of God's will on Earth and then after only at a second time, people have seen nature as something to needy of care.Interestingly enough nature has been for most part of humanity's history the giver in a relationship – care towards it instead has always come at a second time and out of the feeling of guilt rather than respect in a balanced environment, as solely humanity and people have seen balance in the goods generated by nature.It is also worth noting that in times when nature got attention it has been mostly the attention of an intellectual elite, and even in cultural movement such as romanticism – attention to nature and its care have solely been regarded as a pastime, like for example when in the late 1800s the British high society started to find inte rest in gardening and even that has been solely related to an elite status.Intellectuals and elites have been able to move society forward within limits, but sadly those limits haven't been altered too much or challenged even within those circles. Results have been many compared to a level of development that mankind has obtained out of the use of the many fruits of mother nature, it is interesting to point out that those phases of interest in nature have been mostly occurring after intense industrial development's periods – and because of that they have become the hadow after the light of successes of science and scientific research. Yet those phases have brought onto people the harsh reality and needs that follow advancements as those have a price, and results that not only affect increasing social conditions, but also that affect people with challenging bad health conditions and a state of realization to people that at any of hose junctions realize the damages in nature's ecosystems.Furthermore it is interesting to realize how Renaissance, Enlightenment, Romanticism, Impressionism and Expressionism have challenged the status quo on a cultural level. All those cultural, artistic and ‘elitist' movements have allowed men to have a reality check with its contemporary community, and given they all developed a specific code in any given location in which they took place.They have started a constant discourse that has led people to one's realization nature and humanity need to re-balance one another – and the balance to be found is not as easy to come by as it is expected even after constant technical development in both industrial and artisanal methods, the situation people are put in front of holds many challenges, and the biggest one of them involves a change in understanding and dealing with nature all together. erably failed. But he was a humble seeker of Truth. He was a man with exceptional sincerity, honesty and truthfulness. For him, un derstanding meant action. Once any principle appealed to him, he immediately began to translate that in practice. He did not flinch from taking risks and did not mind confessing mistakes. No opposition, scorn or

An argument in support of using abortion in extreme cases Essay

Across America, the topic of abortion is still something that is regarded as taboo to speak about. Even in today’s society where it is more commonly brought up, the stigma surrounding the medical procedure has not gone away. There’s a rift between those who are pro-life and pro-choice, and each group has their own reasoning why or why not abortion should or should not be criminalized. The controversy about abortion is mainly rooted in the pro-life group believing that a fetus has the same rights as a born child and the mother. This stems into our government as well, where we have staunch republicans and democrats arguing back and forth over abortion. This also includes people who are incredibly religious and believe that it would go against God’s wishes, as humans are made in his image. Those who are pro-choice believe safe, legal abortions are a right and should be a readily available option to any woman who chooses to have one, no matter the circumstance. Abort ion should definitely be an option and that it should be a woman’s right whether or not to get one, and that she should be the only one to make that decision, not the government. There are many reasons why abortions should be an option, and some of those reasons are that they would help end surprise and unwanted pregnancy, end pregnancy that was caused by rape or incest, and help women who are not in a place to be able to support a child financially or otherwise. Abortion should be a viable option for women without having to worry about government involvement, on the state or federal level, or the social stigma surrounding the procedure. Abortion is able to help end surprise pregnancy safely without going to extreme, dangerous lengths. Based on a survey, the percent of women who got an abortion due to unintended pregnancy in 2008 was incredibly low, at under 5% (Finer, et al. 89). Those who argue While having sex, there’s no guarantee that protection will be effective, as condoms can break and birth control does not promise to work 100% at the time. While the average break rate of condoms while being used in a relationship is a mere 7.4% (Althaus 191), there is still that looming risk of it failing. On the other hand, birth control pills are roughly 91% effective, with just a 9% rate of failure (plannedparenthood.org). In the case of either of these contraceptives not working, the risk of pregnancy is high. When people use contraceptives, they are typically trying to avoid becoming pregnant at all costs, and when the methods of prevention fail and one becomes pregnant, it is going against their overall plan. E specially when thinking about teenagers or young adults, this can cause a problem with their future and goals. In 2014, 249,078 babies were born to women between the ages of 15 and 19 (CDC), and while the number is down compared to previous years, it’s important to acknowledge that teenage pregnancy is still an issue around America. While some would argue that an unplanned pregnancy is a miracle, it should be left up to the woman who is pregnant if she wants to keep the baby or not. In the case that she doesn’t, she should be able to turn to Planned Parenthood or another doctor to help assist her with an abortion without any worry about having to do it illegally. Those who argue that they don’t want their tax dollars going towards abortion don’t really have anything to worry about. While Planned Parenthood receives around $500 million in public funding, none of it can legally go towards funding abortions (Kliff). This is why Planned Parenthood and the ide a of safe abortions are such a crucial element of the pro-choice movement. In the state of Florida, health plans cannot cover abortion costs, so if a woman wanted to get one, she would have to purchase a rider at an additional cost (Jerman, et al). While abortions are not covered by health plans, Viagra is and that contributes to the rampant sexism that plagues the United States. In the most extreme cases, women who are raped or forced into an incestuous relationship should have an option to end the pregnancy. Even if a woman does not get raped and just experiences an unplanned pregnancy, she should have control over her body autonomy (Cohen). Pro-lifers tend to forgo giving the mother any sort of value in regards to her interests and reasons why she would give up her fetus. They give the fetus’ rights precedence over the mother’s (Cohen). If a woman gets raped and it results in an unwanted pregnancy, she should not be forced to carry the baby to full term. Some may argue that she should give birth and then just put the child up for adoption, but in a society where so many children are already part of the adoption system, that would not be the most effective idea. In addition, making a woman carry a baby that is her rapists’ is unethical and detrimental to the woman’s mental, and possibly physical, health. Incestuous relationships are not as common as rape, but should still be considered when discussing safe abortions. Chances are, a woman in an incestuous type of relationship would have been raped, which ties into how unethical it would be to have her give birth to the baby. Not only is there the risk of biological defects, but the woman would endure incredible amounts of stress. Forcing a woman to carry a baby after she was raped, either by a stranger or a family member, is torture. The woman would go through her pregnancy reliving the rape repeatedly, remembering the horrible event which would create extreme emotional trauma. Some women just are not capable of supporting a child at the time they become pregnant, whether it’s accidental or purposeful. Different factors can contribute to why a woman cannot support a child, including the environment they are in. Over one in seven women are living in poverty in America (NWLC), and if a woman cannot properly support herself, she cannot provide for a child. If a girl is living in an abusive household, it would be unreasonable to bring a child into such an environment. If it’s an unsafe place for a woman, it would definitely be unsuitable for a child, let alone a baby. While the environment is a contributing factor to why a woman cannot support a child, money is a big reason why as well. A woman is financially unstable and can barely support herself, and she gets pregnant. If she can’t support herself, she will not be able to provide for a child. Despite there being an act that was passed to protect abused women, the Violence Against Women A ct (Kandaswamy), it, unfortunately, doesn’t put a stop to domestic abuse across the country. It does, however, provide more shelters and services to protect women, which gives them another option aside from abortion if they aren’t comfortable with receiving one. While some would suggest putting the child up for adoption in this scenario as well, most women would not want to go through the process of carrying a child and paying for doctors’ appointments if they’re not going to keep the child in the end. The adoption and foster care system in America has over 400,000 children in it (Argys, et al), and while some children get adopted quickly or even reunited with biological parents, many children are stuck in a never-ending cycle of foster families. Adoption, while a good idea to some, could be detrimental to the child in the long-run. If money is already an issue, the cost of being pregnant would take a toll on the girl throughout the nine months. Abortion needs to be a safe option for women, no matter the circumstance of their pregnancy. By the government getting involved in a woman’s decision to get an abortion, or other people protesting to try and get Roe vs. Wade overturned, it presents a question of whether women have the right to do what they want with their bodies. In 2010, anti-abortion activists shifted their rhetoric from the federal government to state governments to force restrictions regarding abortion (Hopkins Tanne), even though 22 out of 50 states had some form of restrictions on the procedure. Most abortions that are performed are done within the first trimester, though there are statistics that say that about 13% of abortions in the United States are done during the second trimester (Boland). Interestingly, Florida abortion laws as of 2017 are more restrictive than many other states (Jerman, et al). Women can only receive abortions 24 weeks after their last period, and even then, they may only choose to get an abortion is their life is in danger (Jerman, et al). A woman’s life should not have to be endangered before the option of abortion is presented to her. Those who believe that is unethical and murder should think about repercussions of forcing a woman to carry a baby they do not want. Pro-life organizations believe it is not morally right to abort a baby, but by making a woman carry out a pregnancy against her will is just cruel, and by definition, unethical. Providing options for safe abortions for women should be included in health care in all states, and unfortunately, that’s not how it is. Using healthcare to back up why abortion should be dealt with better in America is a popular argument, and seems to be the root of arguments on both sides of the topic. While more people are coming around to be accepting of abortion, there are still groups of people vehemently against it for one reason or another. A popular reason for disagreeing with the procedure is based on religious beliefs and support of a traditional family (Johnson, et al. 40). Despite claiming to be religious and in support of all life, their ideas fall short when they oppose abortion, as they could be potentially putting another human life at risk by wanting to deny access to abortion. A good example of claiming to be saving lives, but in the face doing the opposite, rests in a case from Kansas where an anti-abortion activist shot an abortion doctor (Tanne 285). The shooter, Scott Roeder, defended his actions in court by claiming he was really saving lives (Tanne 285). The doctor he shot happened to provide late-term abortions (Tanne 285) for those who needed it, and he was one of the only doctors in the country to provide that service, which creates a new problem of taking away someone who could have saved lives. The idea that killing someone who was an abortion doctor saves lives in the end is nothing sort of ironic An interesting connection to this idea is that those who are at the highest level of moral thinking consider all lives to be special and worth saving, but those who neglect to realize that abortion can save someone’s life fall out from that theory of moral cognitive thinking. That being said, laws restricting abortion are not on a national, federal level but rather on a state by state basis (Tanne 1051), which leaves room for people to protest abortion easier than if it was strictly at a federal level. For many anti-abortion activists, they prohibit abortion because they hold the belief that a baby starts at conception, and that a fetus can feel pain (Tanne 1051). In order to get their views out there, often anti-abortionists will resort to violence. The type of violent acts committed range from arson to bombings and butyric acid attacks (Jacobson, et al. 189). This violent rhetoric they hold has some irony to it considering they yell about how all lives are important, and then they turn and cause loss of life by committing these terrorist acts (Jacobson, et al. 190). In addition to the loss of some life, the attacks caused property damage, the need for more security around the abortion clinics that were attacked, and increased stress on those who worked at the clinics (Jacobson, et al. 190). While those who participate in the violent acts feel like they’re in the right because they’re fighting for a cause they care about, they are really just causing terror and wreck ing havoc around cities. Anti-abortion in the United States has been an ongoing issue for a long time now, and recently the Trump administration have begun working on cutting back support of the UN and the World Health Organization (Vogel 287). The first and possibly biggest problem that arose with this bill is that it brought back a Reagan-era policy that bans nongovernmental organizations that are funded by the United States from providing abortions, informational, referrals, or even advocating for more liberal abortion laws in whichever country the NGOs are in (Vogel 287). It’s been brought back into action throughout every Republican administration since it was initiated when Reagan was in office, and it’s known as a Global Gag Rule. America deciding to revoke funding means that nongovernmental organizations will lose between 8 and 9 billion dollars worth of their funds (Vogel 287). Despite abortion being left on a state to state basis here in the States, the country will now not help other countries that are in need of help of abortion access. The last time this rule was implemented, more than 20 developing countries lost all access to contraceptives, which in turn led to higher abortion rates (Vogel 287). In addition to losing contraceptives, this rule also causes health care services to be completely shut down and cut off in some areas, meaning all citizens lost their health care (Vogel 287). As of this moment it isn’t known how much the rule will affect other countries now, but over time the effects will be seen, whether in lack of access to contraceptives again or having women turn towards unsafe methods to receive an abortion. As far as social paradigms go, the abortion conflict aligns most with the ideas of functionalism and symbolic interactionism (Keirns). Abortion and symbolic interactionism go hand in hand, as that social paradigm is viewed on a micro level, and abortion happens to only affect certain groups of people. One way abortion can be looked at through this lens is by looking at the anti-abortion groups, such as the religious ones and general pro-life crusaders, and examining their views. People’s views are shaped by interactions with other, not counting socialization that they may have experienced growing up. Those who are pro-life are passionate and adamant that the fetus developing is a human and deserves rights of its own, while those who are pro-choice argue that the woman who is carrying the fetus’ should have the decision to terminate her pregnancy if she so chooses.   The conflict between these two groups of people could also align with the conflict theory, however, it doesn’t happen within all of society, which makes abortion better suited for micro theories as opposed to macro. The idea of people who are against abortion and believe that women should carry the baby whether or not she wants it is rooted in sexism, as it reduces a woman down to a baby-carrying stereotype while also neglecting her opinion on the situation. From a structural functionalist point of view (Keirns), those who subscribe to that sociological paradigm could view abortion as something that is negative for family, as the family is viewed as the center of society. This theory is a macro-level theory, which differentiates it from the symbolic interactionist view of abortion, as functionalists would look how abortion works throughout the entire society. To some degree, a functionalist could be pro-choice, if only looking at the potential benefits it could have for society, although, as the family is central to this paradigm, this isn’t as likely as a pro-life functionalist. Functionalism and abortion don’t go as well together as symbolic interactionism do, but functionalists could examine abortion as a way of gauging if a family is no longer the center of society or not. Speaking generally, other sociological ideas that surround the abortion debate include poverty, gender, and culture (Keirns). Poverty is involved when thinking about abortion as it affects so many people, and if someone cannot afford to raise a child, they may turn to abortion as an option or get help from Planned Parenthood. The entire abortion problem is rooted in gender (Keirns), as it is predominantly a woman’s problem, and gender plays a large role in why some are anti-abortion. As stated earlier, many people believe in the notion that a woman should carry a baby no matter the circumstances. In addition to that, women are often shamed for getting abortions and are called derogatory slurs in the process. Whenever that happens, sexism is brought to the forefront of people’s arguments, as calling women by slurs is once again rooted in sexism. When women do get abortions for whatever reason, they could be considered deviant in some eyes, as she is straying away from th e norm some people hold about keeping the child. Finally, culture also plays a role in abortions, as culture influences everything around the world. In the United States, there is a divided culture over abortions, and there’s still a taboo surrounding talking about it sometimes. While it is more openly discussed in modern times, the taboo is still there, which is why some people are uncomfortable to talk about such a thing. While it is still considered controversial to speak about in today’s society, abortion should be a topic that’s freely discussed and improved upon as time goes on. Providing safe abortions for women across the country ensures that they can end surprise pregnancies, not be forced to carry a baby as a result of rape or incest, and give women an option if they are not able to support a child. This debate has gone on for decades now, and there is a very harsh divide between those for and against the medical procedure. Both those who oppose abortion and those who are outspoken advocates of it have strong opinions that frequently clash together. With the current way the country’s politics are, it appears more and more people are being outspoken about their view of it, whether it’s pro-choice or pro-life. In the past few months, there have been marches for and against abortion, and it’s clear that the American people are passionate about this hot topic. Fr om a sociological perspective, the interactions between the pro-life and pro-choice seem to be increasing as new generations emerge and form their own ideas on the topic of abortion. Culture continues to affect abortion, and as time goes on, the abortion fight will continue on with the development of society, whether for worse or for better. However, in the end, it should be a woman to decide on what to do with her body, and not the government, or other Americans.    Works Cited â€Å"About Teen Pregnancy.†Ã‚  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 26 Apr. 2016. Web. 15 Mar. 2017. Althaus, F. â€Å"Study Finds Low Condom Breakage Rate, Ties Most Slippage to Improper Use.†Ã‚  Family Planning Perspectives, vol. 24, no. 4, Jul/Aug92, pp. 191-192. EBSCOhost, db02.linccweb.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9212211758&site=ehost-live. Web. 13 Mar. 2017. Argys, Laura, and Brian Duncan. â€Å"Economic Incentives and Foster Child Adoption.†Ã‚  Demography, vol. 50, no. 3, 2013, pp. 933–954., www.jstor.org/stable/42919906. Web. 13 Mar. 2017. Boland, Reed. â€Å"Second Trimester Abortion Laws Globally: Actuality, Trends, and Recommendations.†Ã‚  Reproductive Health Matters, vol. 18, no. 36, 2010, pp. 67–89., www.jstor.org/stable/25767363. Web. 11 Mar. 2017. Cohen, I. Glenn. â€Å"Are All Abortions Equal? Should There Be Exceptions to the Criminalization of Abortion for Rape and Incest?.†Ã‚  Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, vol. 43, no. 1, Spring2015, pp. 87-104. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/jlme.12198. Web. 14 Mar. 17. Finer, Lawrence B., and Kathryn Kost. â€Å"Unintended Pregnancy Rates at the State Level.†Ã‚  Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, vol. 43, no. 2, 2011, pp. 78–87., www.jstor.org/stable/23048865. Web. 11 Mar. 2017 Jacobson, Mireille, and Heather Royer. â€Å"Aftershocks: The Impact of Clinic Violence on Abortion Services.†Ã‚  American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, vol. 3, no. 1, 2011, pp. 189–223., www.jstor.org/stable/25760251. Web. 16 April 17. Johnson, Stephen D., and Joseph B. Tamney. â€Å"Factors Related to Inconsistent Life-Views.†Ã‚  Review of Religious Research, vol. 30, no. 1, 1988, pp. 40–46., www.jstor.org/stable/3511839. Web. 15 April 17. Jones RK and Jerman J, Abortion incidence and service availability in the United States, 2014,  Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2017, 49(1), doi:10.1363/psrh.12015. Web. 15 Mar. 2017. Kandaswamy, Priya. â€Å"‘You Trade in a Man For the Man â€Å": Domestic Violence and the U. S. Welfare State.†Ã‚  American Quarterly, vol. 62, no. 2, 2010, pp. 253–277., www.jstor.org/stable/40664735. Web. 15 Mar. 2017. Keirns, Nathan J., et al.  Introduction to Sociology 2e. Houston, TX, OpenStax College, Rice University, 2015. Kliff, S. 2015. â€Å"A Government Shutdown Fight is Brewing. This One is Over Planned Parenthood.† Vox, September 10. â€Å"NWLC Analysis of 2014 Census Poverty Data.†Ã‚  NWLC. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2017. â€Å"Planned Parenthood Controversy Revives Abortion Debate.†Ã‚  Penn Bioethics Journal, vol. 11, no. 2, Fall2015, p. 7. EBSCOhost, db02.linccweb.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=117725282&site=ehost-live. Web. 15 Mar. 2017. Parenthood, Planned. â€Å"What Is the Effectiveness of Birth Control Pills?†Ã‚  What Is the Effectiveness of Birth Control Pills?  N.p., 27 Dec. 2016. Web. 16 Mar. 2017. Tanne, Janice Hopkins. â€Å"Killer of Kansas Abortion Doctor Is Convicted of Murder.†Ã‚  BMJ: British Medical Journal, vol. 340, no. 7741, 2010, pp. 285–285., www.jstor.org/stable/25673930. Web. 17 April 17. Tanne, Janice Hopkins. â€Å"US Anti-Abortion Activists Use State Laws to Reduce Access.†Ã‚  BMJ: British Medical Journal, vol. 340, no. 7755, 2010, pp. 1051–1051., www.jstor.org/stable/40702011. Web. 15 Mar. 2017. Vogel, Lauren. â€Å"US Anti-UN, Anti-Abortion Orders Threaten Global Health.†Ã‚  CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 189, no. 7, 21 Feb. 2017, pp. E287-E288. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1503/cmaj.1095390. Web. 16 April 17. Yung, Corey Rayburn. â€Å"How to Lie with Rape Statistics: America’s Hidden Rape Crisis.†Ã‚  Iowa Law Review, vol. 99, no. 3, Mar. 2014, pp. 1197-1256. EBSCOhost, db02.linccweb.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=94993552&site=ehost-live. Web. 13 Mar. 2017.